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非谓语动词的用法(2)
来源：网络收集 编辑： 阅读数： 日期：2004-11-5 19:43:17
3. 非谓语动词作宾语
|
成分 |
非谓语动词 |
意义和用法 |
例句 |
|
直接宾语 |
不定式 |
不定式的逻辑主语一般同谓语动词的主语一致 |
I want to read a novel.
用于该形式的常见的动词有：afford, agree, aim, apply, arrange, ask, choose, claim, decide, decline, demand, desire, determine, expect, hope, learn, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, seek, swear, threaten, wish.
有时宾语省略不定式符号(常见的有：let fall, let pass, let go, let slip, 'd better, 'd rather, 'd soon,
He made believe he was correct. |
| 动词不定式（短语）作宾语时，如其后有补足语，则可以用先行语it作形式宾语，而将动词不定式（短语）后移作直接宾语 |
He found it necessary to work hard at English.
用于该形式的常见的动词有：acknowledge, believe, consider, count, declare, deem, deny, esteem, fancy, feel, find, guess, imagine, judge, know, make, prove, realize, report, see, show, suppose, suspect, take(think), understand, think. |
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动名词 |
动名词的逻辑主语有时同谓语动词的主语不一致 |
Do you mind my smoking? |
| 动名词（短语）作宾语时，如其后有补足语则可以用先行词it作形式宾语，而将动名词短语后移作直接宾语 |
We found it troublesome solving this problem.
We consider it worthwhile spending some time on this. |
| 有一类动词后面必须跟动名词 |
We enjoyed staying there.
常见的动词有：admit, abhor, acknowledge, advise, advocate, avoid, confess, consider, contemplate, defer, delay, deny, discontinue, excuse, evade, fancy, finish, imagine, include, involve, justify, keep(on), mind, necessitate, pardon, postpone, practise, renounce, resent, facilitate, favor, miss, resist. |
| 有一类动词后面可跟动名词也可以跟不定式 |
1) 意义区别不大。
He began learning (to learn) English at the age of five.
常见的动词有：start, like, hate, love, continue, prefer, commence, attempt, intend, propose, decline, endure, neglect, omit, recollect, recall, bear.
2)意义有区别
a) remember doing sth 记住做过某事。
remember to do sth 记住要做某事。
b)forget doing sth 忘记做过某事。
forget to do sth 记住要做某事。
c)regret doing sth 遗憾做过某事。
regret to do sth 遗憾要做某事。
d)try doing sth 试着做某事。
try to do sth 努力做某事。
e)mean doing sth 意旨做某事。
mean to do sth 打算做某事。
f)stop doing sth 停止做某事。
stop to do sth 停下来做某事。
g)can't help doing sth 忍不住做某事。
can't help to do sth 不能帮做某事。
h)go on doing sth 继续做某事。
go on to do sth 接着做另一事。 |
|
短语动词宾语 |
动名词 |
这一类多是动词和小品词构成的短语 |
He insisted on doing that.
常见的短语有：stand up, leave off, put off, give up, can't help(stand) |
|
不定式 |
这一类多数是一些特定的用法。 |
He is about to leave. He did nothing but play.
'd rather do sth, 'd better do sth, 'd like/love to do sth, |
|
宾语宾补 |
不定式 |
强调动作发生的事实、将要和应该做的事 |
We saw him come in. I asked him to help me.
I helped him (to) learn English.
He arranged for me to stay there.
常见的动词有：
1)省略不定式符号的动词：make, let, have, see, hear, notice, watch, observe, listen to, look at
2)表示“致使”意义的动词：advice, cause, allow, ask, beg, drive, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, intend, invite, permit, persuade, remind, teach, tell, trust, urge, want, warn
3)表示心理状态的动词：consider, declare find, prove, think, know, believe, discover, feel, imagine, judge, suppose, understand.
4)短语动词 arrange for, prepare for, provide for, ask for, care for, long for, wait for, vote for, call on, rely on, depend on, count on |
|
动名词 |
说明实际的情况，这种形式数量不多。 |
We call this process testing.
We know of the earth behaving as a large magnet. |
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分词
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现在分词
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强调动作进行的过程 |
I found him coming in.
He kept him waiting outside.
如谓语动词是被动语态的形式，这时分词成了主语补语，分词形式不变。
He was seen coming in |
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过去分词 |
表示动作已完成，同宾语是被动关系，说明动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
have (get) 表示的动作往往表示别人完成，有时这个动作可能由主语完成 |
We found him tied to the tree.
I had my hair cut.
I can't get this motor started.
如谓语动词是被动语态的形式，这时分词成了主语补语，分词形式不变。
He was found tied to the tree. |
|
介词宾语 |
不定式 |
这一类多是一些特定的形式， |
I hardly remember what I did besides read.
He had nothing in mind except to work hard.
It is better to do some work than to spend the time idly.
There is no way out than climb the cliff. |
|
动名词 |
这一类数量较多。 |
I'm afraid of making mistakes while speaking English.
He enjoys doing nothing but talking with her.
On (as soon as he arrived) arriving, he came to see his friend.
In (while) doing this, he learned a lot.
常见的短语：look forward to, be used to, object to, prefer doing sth to doing sth |
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形容词宾 |
不定式 |
这一类有些语法家也认为是这些形容词的原因状语。
|
I am glad to see you.
常见的形容词有：cross, angry, context, furious, happy, impatient, curious, proud, sorry, thankful, free, grateful, keen, anxious, eager, prone, ready, reluctant, willing, humble, jealous, miserable, (un)able, lucky，sad |
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这一类有些语法家也认为是这些形容词的原因状语。
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I am surprised to see you.
常见的过去分词有：annoyed, ashamed, astonished, bored, concerned, amazed, confused delighted, determined, disappointed, disgusted, displeased, dissatisfied, distressed, embarrassed, excited, fascinated, inclined, overjoyed, overwhelmed, pleased, prepared, puzzled, qualified, worried, offended, scared, thrilled, vexed |
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动名词 |
这一类多是一些特定的用法。 |
The tree seems like trembling.
The book is worth reading.
He is busy working. |
4. 非谓语动词作表语
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非谓语动词 |
意义和用法 |
连系动词 |
例句 |
|
不定式 |
表示具体的动作，表示打算、计划、命令和要求等意义 |
有时可用appear, seem, happen等作连系动词 |
To see is to believe. Seeing is believing.(一般同主语的形式一直)
What I wanted to do is write it down.
The only thing you can do is wait and see.
How am I to pay such a debt?
Such questions are to be avoided.
He was never to see his friend again.
What he said proved to be true.
He seems to be ill.
常作主语的名词有：aim, ambition, duty, hope, idea, intention, mistakes, plan, purpose, suggestion. |
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动名词 |
相当于名词，说明主语动作的情况和状态。 |
一般是be |
What like best is swimming in the sea.
My job is teaching English
(My job is to teach them to learn English.)
Seeing is believing.
有时同不定式可以互换
Our duty is serving the people.
Our duty is to serve the people. |
|
分词 |
现在分词 |
相当于形容词，说明主语动作性质的。一般分词后不再接任何成份 |
有时可用become ; get等 |
It is annoying that the meeting should be put off.
常见作表语的现在分词有：amusing, boring, charming, comforting, confusing, disappointing, discouraging, disturbing, embarrassing, exciting, pleasing, fascinating, interesting, inviting, missing, obliging, promising, puzzling, shocking, striking, surprising. |
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过去分词 |
相当于形容词说明主语动作的性质或状态，一般后面带介词短语，有些形容词化的过去分词前可加very. |
有时可用Become ; get ;remain ; appear ; seem; fell; go; look等动词 |
He remained puzzled. He appeared satisfied with that.
My work is finished. My watch is gone.
常见的过去分词有：1)常见带介词about分词： annoyed, concerned, excited, pleased, puzzled, shocked, worried 2) 常见带介词at分词： amazed, amused, annoyed, astonished, delighted, disappointed, disgusted, displeased, dissatisfied, excited, offended, overjoyed, pleased, shocked, surprised, 3) 常见带介词against分词： arranged, prepared, irritated, arranged 4) 常见带介词for分词： celebrated, concerned, destined, disqualified, noted, prepared, pressed, qualified. 5) 常见带介词in分词： absorbed, celebrated, concerned, disappointed, delighted, dressed, embarrassed, engaged, entangled, experienced, interested lost, 6) 常见带介词on分词： founded, based, bent, set 7) 常见带介词to分词： abandoned, accustomed, acquainted, addicted, adapted, committed, dedicated, destined, devoted, doomed, engaged, entitled, exposed, known, lost, opposed, related, inclined, married 8) 常见带介词with分词：annoyed, bored, concerned, delighted, disappointed, discontented, disgusted, displeased, dissatisfied, equipped, excited, occupied, obsessed, pleased, pressed, satisfied, socked, stunned, surrounded loaded, tormented, torture |
5. 非谓语动词作定语
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非谓语动词 |
位置 |
意义和用法 |
例句 |
|
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不定式 |
动词不定式必须放在所修饰词（名或代）后 |
表示将要发生，应该做的动作，说明动作在谓语动词表示动作之后，具有形容词性质。 |
I have much work to do.
He has no place to live in.
有时根据意思的需要加介词，这时介词不能省略，因被修饰的名词是它的宾语。 |
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动名词 |
动名词放在在所修饰的词前 |
说明所修饰词的性质，具有名词的性质，它同所修饰的名词间不存在什么主谓关系 |
He looked me with questioning eyes.
a living room.
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|
一般形式 |
分词 |
现在分词 |
在所修饰词前，有些放在所修饰词后 |
说明正在进行的动作，同它所修饰的动作存在着逻辑主谓关系 |
a sleeping boy, on the day following, for years running |
|
过去分词 |
在所修饰词前，有些放在所修饰词后 |
表示被动的意思，多数不及物动词的过去分词不能用作定语，只有少数表示动作改变的动词表示在谓词动词动作之前完成 |
a lost child, a fallen leaf, retired workers, faded flowers
We have no time left.
Fill the blanks with the words given. |
|
短语 |
不定式 |
放在所修饰词后 |
一般表示要做和应该做的动作。 |
He is the first one to come this morning.
I have a lot of housework to do at home.
There is a lot of work to do in the company.
He didn't have the chance to go to school in the past.
1)一般所修饰词是抽象名词
agreement, attempt, claim, decision, decisive, determination, failure, hope, intention, need, plan, promise, refused, resolution, tendency, threat, wish
2)说明被修饰词内容的名词
campaign, chance, courage, efforts, evidence, fight, news, measures, move, movement, opportunity, position, power, reason, right, skill, strength, struggle, means
3)跟不定式作状语的形容词生成转化来的抽象名
ability, ambition, anxiety, curiosity, eagerness, impatience, reluctance, willingness |
|
分词 |
放在所修饰词后 |
现在分词短语有动作进行之意。
过去分词短语有被动之意。 |
The bird singing in the tree is very beautiful.
This is the bird shot by the boy.
My brother, working in the south will be coming in a few days. |
 To the top(回页首)
6. 非谓语动词作状语
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非谓语动词 |
意义和用法 |
例句 |
|
不定式 |
表示目的，很常用。 |
He went home to see his mother.
He came to ask a question.
He got up early in order to (so as to) have time to study. |
| 表示结果，很常用。 |
She says so well as to bring down the house.
Will you be so good as to tell him this?
He is not old enough to do this.
He is too excited to speak anything. |
| 表示原因， |
He laughed to see them fall down.
He wept to hear the news. |
| 表示选择和比较 |
She opened her lips as through to speak
He would die rather than give in. |
| 表示条件 |
To hear him talk, you would think he was tiring. |
|
分词 |
表示时间，相当于表示时间，相当于状语从句when, while。 |
He went through the papers while having breakfast.
Since leaving school, I met him only once.
常用于这些连词后When, before, while, after, since |
| 表示原因，有时同用作时间状语的分词难以分清，相当于原因状语从句because, since, for 和 as。 |
Being ill, he didn't come.
Not understanding this, he asked the teacher about it. |
| 表示条件，相当于条件状语从句if。 |
Given more time, I can finish the work.
We'll not attack unless attacked.
Working hard, you'll succeed. |
| 表示让步，相当于让步状语从句 though, although。 |
Though warned of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice. |
| 表示结果，相当于结果状语从句，这种分词前通常有thus 或thereby。 |
Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay. |
| 表示方式或伴随情况，分词短语没有相当的状语从句，汉译时一般译成并列复合句 |
They shook hands, smiling at each other.
The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily.
He lay on his back, his legs drawn up.
He made the boy sit there, promising they would not hurt him. |
| 表示方式 |
He sat there, as though waiting. |
7. 非谓语动词作同谓语
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非谓语动词 |
意义和用法 |
例句 |
|
不定式 |
不很常用 |
He has written two articles for the journal, one to be published in this issue, the other to come out in the next. |
|
动名词 |
不很常用 |
I saw many people in the room, some talking, some listening. His chief hobby, sailing a boat, cost him most of his salary. | 8. 非谓语动词作插入语
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非谓语动词
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意义和用法
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例句 |
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不定式
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多是一些特定的短语 |
To tell you the truth, to be fair, to be frank, to be short, to be sure, to be honest, to begin with, to cut a long story short, to be exact, so to speak
To tell you the truth, I don' t know computers very well.
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动名词
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多是一些特定的短语
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Generally speaking, frankly speaking, strictly speaking.
Generally speaking, his work is successful. |
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